Mass Communication and Media Studies
Name: Sagar B Vaghela
Semester:
4
Roll
No: 32
Enrollment
No: 2069108420180052
Email
Id: sagarvaghela2020@gmail.com
Paper
15: Mass Communication and Media Studies
Topic:
Define Journalism in detail
Batch:
2017-19
Submitted
To: S.B.Gardi Department of English MKBU
Evaluate my Assignment Click Here
Introduction
:
Journalism,
the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary
and feature materials through such print and electronic media as newspapers,
magazines, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social media
sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion pictures, and television.
The word journalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events
in printed form, specifically newspapers, but with the advent of radio,
television, and the Internet in the 20th century the use of the term broadened
to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current
affairs.
History:
The
earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet circulated in ancient
Rome: the Acta Diurna, said to date from before 59 BCE. The Acta Diurna
recorded important daily events such as public speeches. It was published daily
and hung in prominent places. In China during the Tang dynasty, a court
circular called a bao, or “report,” was issued to government officials. This
gazette appeared in various forms and under various names more or less
continually to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911. The first regularly
published newspapers appeared in German cities and in Antwerp about 1609. The
first English newspaper, the Weekly Newes, was published in 1622. One of the
first daily newspapers, The Daily Courant, appeared in 1702.
At
first hindered by government-imposed censorship, taxes, and other restrictions,
newspapers in the 18th century came to enjoy the reportorial freedom and
indispensable function that they have retained to the present day. The growing
demand for newspapers owing to the spread of literacy and the introduction of
steam- and then electric-driven presses caused the daily circulation of
newspapers to rise from the thousands to the hundreds of thousands and
eventually to the millions.
Magazines,
which had started in the 17th century as learned journals, began to feature
opinion-forming articles on current affairs, such as those in the Tatler
(1709–11) and the Spectator (1711–12). Appearing in the 1830s were cheap
mass-circulation magazines aimed at a wider and less well-educated public, as
well as illustrated and women’s magazines. The cost of large-scale news
gathering led to the formation of news agencies, organizations that sold their
international journalistic reporting to many different individual newspapers
and magazines. The invention of the telegraph
and then radio and television brought about a great increase in the
speed and timeliness of journalistic activity and, at the same time, provided
massive new outlets and audiences for their electronically distributed
products. In the late 20th century, satellites and later the Internet were used for the long-distance transmission
of journalistic information.
The
Profession:
Journalism
in the 20th century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. There
were four important factors in this trend: (1) the increasing organization of
working journalists, (2) specialized education for journalism, (3) a growing
literature dealing with the history, problems, and techniques of mass
communication, and (4) an increasing sense of social responsibility on the part
of journalists.
An
organization of journalists began as early as 1883, with the foundation of
England’s chartered Institute of Journalists. Like the American Newspaper
Guild, organized in 1933, and the Fédération Nationale de la Presse Française,
the institute functioned as both a trade union
and a professional organization.
Before
the latter part of the 19th century, most journalists learned their craft as
apprentices, beginning as copyboys or cub reporters. The first university
course in journalism was given at the University of Missouri (Columbia) in
1879–84. In 1912 Columbia University in New York City established the first graduate program in
journalism, endowed by a grant from the New York City editor and publisher
Joseph Pulitzer. It was recognized that the growing complexity of news reporting
and newspaper operation required a great deal of specialized training. Editors
also found that in-depth reporting of special types of news, such as political
affairs, business, economics, and science, often demanded reporters with
education in these areas. The advent of motion pictures, radio, and television
as news media called for an ever-increasing battery of new skills and
techniques in gathering and presenting the news. By the 1950s, courses in
journalism or communications were commonly offered in colleges.
The
literature of the subject—which in 1900 was limited to two textbooks, a few
collections of lectures and essays, and a small number of histories and
biographies—became copious and varied by the late 20th century. It ranged from
histories of journalism to texts for reporters and photographers and books of
conviction and debate by journalists on journalistic capabilities, methods, and
ethics.
Concern
for social responsibility in journalism was largely a product of the late 19th
and 20th centuries. The earliest newspapers and journals were generally
violently partisan in politics and considered that the fulfillment of their
social responsibility lay in proselytizing their own party’s position and
denouncing that of the opposition. As the reading public grew, however, the
newspapers grew in size and wealth and became increasingly independent.
Newspapers began to mount their own popular and sensational “crusades” in order
to increase their circulation. The culmination of this trend was the competition
between two New York City papers, the World and the Journal, in the 1890s (see
yellow journalism).
The
sense of social responsibility made notable growth as a result of specialized
education and widespread discussion of press responsibilities in books and
periodicals and at the meetings of the associations. Such reports as that of
the Royal Commission on the Press (1949) in Great Britain and the less
extensive A Free and Responsible Press (1947) by an unofficial Commission on
the Freedom of the Press in the United States did much to stimulate
self-examination on the part of practicing journalists.
By
the late 20th century, studies showed that journalists as a group were
generally idealistic about their role in bringing the facts to the public in an
impartial manner. Various societies of journalists issued statements of ethics,
of which that of the American Society of Newspaper Editors is perhaps best
known.
Present-Day
Journalism:
Although
the core of journalism has always been the news, the latter word has acquired
so many secondary meanings that the term “hard news” gained currency to
distinguish items of definite news value from others of marginal significance.
This was largely a consequence of the advent of radio and television reporting,
which brought news bulletins to the public with a speed that the press could
not hope to match. To hold their audience, newspapers provided increasing
quantities of interpretive material—articles on the background of the news,
personality sketches, and columns of timely comment by writers skilled in
presenting opinion in readable form. By the mid-1960s most newspapers,
particularly evening and Sunday editions, were relying heavily on magazine
techniques, except for their content of “hard news,” where the traditional rule
of objectivity still applied. Newsmagazines in much of their reporting were
blending news with editorial comment.
Journalism
in book form has a short but vivid history. The proliferation of paperback
books during the decades after World War II gave impetus to the journalistic
book, exemplified by works reporting and analysing election campaigns,
political scandals, and world affairs in general, and the “new journalism” of
such authors as Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, and Norman Mailer.
The
20th century saw a renewal of the strictures and limitations imposed upon the
press by governments. In countries with communist governments, the press was
owned by 7the state, and journalists and editors were government employees.
Under such a system, the prime function of the press to report the news was
combined with the duty to uphold and support the national ideology and the
declared goals of the state. This led to a situation in which the positive
achievements of communist states were stressed by the media, while their
failings were underreported or ignored. This rigorous censorship pervaded
journalism in communist countries.
In
non-communist developing countries, the press enjoyed varying degrees of
freedom, ranging from the discreet and occasional use of self-censorship on
matters embarrassing to the home government to a strict and omnipresent
censorship akin to that of communist countries. The press enjoyed the maximum
amount of freedom in most English-speaking countries and in the countries of
western Europe.
Whereas
traditional journalism originated during a time when information was scarce and
thus highly in demand, 21st-century journalism faced an information-saturated
market in which news had been, to some degree, devalued by its overabundance.
Advances such as satellite and digital technology and the Internet made
information more plentiful and accessible and thereby stiffened journalistic
competition. To meet increasing consumer demand for up-to-the-minute and highly
detailed reporting, media outlets developed alternative channels of
dissemination, such as online distribution, electronic mailings, and direct
interaction with the public via forums, blogs, user-generated content, and
social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter.
In
the second decade of the 21st century, social media platforms in particular
facilitated the spread of politically oriented “fake news,” a kind of
disinformation produced by for-profit Web sites posing as legitimate news
organizations and designed to attract (and mislead) certain readers by
exploiting entrenched partisan biases. During the campaign for the U.S.
presidential election of 2016 and after his election as president in that year,
Donald J. Trump regularly used the term “fake news” to disparage news reports,
including by established and reputable media organizations, that contained
negative information about him.
References
:
Semester:
4
Roll
No: 32
Enrollment
No: 2069108420180052
Email
Id: sagarvaghela2020@gmail.com
Paper
15: Mass Communication and Media Studies
Topic:
Define Journalism in detail
Batch:
2017-19
Submitted
To: S.B.Gardi Department of English MKBU
Introduction
:
Journalism,
the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary
and feature materials through such print and electronic media as newspapers,
magazines, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social media
sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion pictures, and television.
The word journalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events
in printed form, specifically newspapers, but with the advent of radio,
television, and the Internet in the 20th century the use of the term broadened
to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current
affairs.
History:
The
earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet circulated in ancient
Rome: the Acta Diurna, said to date from before 59 BCE. The Acta Diurna
recorded important daily events such as public speeches. It was published daily
and hung in prominent places. In China during the Tang dynasty, a court
circular called a bao, or “report,” was issued to government officials. This
gazette appeared in various forms and under various names more or less
continually to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911. The first regularly
published newspapers appeared in German cities and in Antwerp about 1609. The
first English newspaper, the Weekly Newes, was published in 1622. One of the
first daily newspapers, The Daily Courant, appeared in 1702.
At
first hindered by government-imposed censorship, taxes, and other restrictions,
newspapers in the 18th century came to enjoy the reportorial freedom and
indispensable function that they have retained to the present day. The growing
demand for newspapers owing to the spread of literacy and the introduction of
steam- and then electric-driven presses caused the daily circulation of
newspapers to rise from the thousands to the hundreds of thousands and
eventually to the millions.
Magazines,
which had started in the 17th century as learned journals, began to feature
opinion-forming articles on current affairs, such as those in the Tatler
(1709–11) and the Spectator (1711–12). Appearing in the 1830s were cheap
mass-circulation magazines aimed at a wider and less well-educated public, as
well as illustrated and women’s magazines. The cost of large-scale news
gathering led to the formation of news agencies, organizations that sold their
international journalistic reporting to many different individual newspapers
and magazines. The invention of the telegraph
and then radio and television brought about a great increase in the
speed and timeliness of journalistic activity and, at the same time, provided
massive new outlets and audiences for their electronically distributed
products. In the late 20th century, satellites and later the Internet were used for the long-distance transmission
of journalistic information.
The
Profession:
Journalism
in the 20th century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. There
were four important factors in this trend: (1) the increasing organization of
working journalists, (2) specialized education for journalism, (3) a growing
literature dealing with the history, problems, and techniques of mass
communication, and (4) an increasing sense of social responsibility on the part
of journalists.
An
organization of journalists began as early as 1883, with the foundation of
England’s chartered Institute of Journalists. Like the American Newspaper
Guild, organized in 1933, and the Fédération Nationale de la Presse Française,
the institute functioned as both a trade union
and a professional organization.
Before
the latter part of the 19th century, most journalists learned their craft as
apprentices, beginning as copyboys or cub reporters. The first university
course in journalism was given at the University of Missouri (Columbia) in
1879–84. In 1912 Columbia University in New York City established the first graduate program in
journalism, endowed by a grant from the New York City editor and publisher
Joseph Pulitzer. It was recognized that the growing complexity of news reporting
and newspaper operation required a great deal of specialized training. Editors
also found that in-depth reporting of special types of news, such as political
affairs, business, economics, and science, often demanded reporters with
education in these areas. The advent of motion pictures, radio, and television
as news media called for an ever-increasing battery of new skills and
techniques in gathering and presenting the news. By the 1950s, courses in
journalism or communications were commonly offered in colleges.
The
literature of the subject—which in 1900 was limited to two textbooks, a few
collections of lectures and essays, and a small number of histories and
biographies—became copious and varied by the late 20th century. It ranged from
histories of journalism to texts for reporters and photographers and books of
conviction and debate by journalists on journalistic capabilities, methods, and
ethics.
Concern
for social responsibility in journalism was largely a product of the late 19th
and 20th centuries. The earliest newspapers and journals were generally
violently partisan in politics and considered that the fulfillment of their
social responsibility lay in proselytizing their own party’s position and
denouncing that of the opposition. As the reading public grew, however, the
newspapers grew in size and wealth and became increasingly independent.
Newspapers began to mount their own popular and sensational “crusades” in order
to increase their circulation. The culmination of this trend was the competition
between two New York City papers, the World and the Journal, in the 1890s (see
yellow journalism).
The
sense of social responsibility made notable growth as a result of specialized
education and widespread discussion of press responsibilities in books and
periodicals and at the meetings of the associations. Such reports as that of
the Royal Commission on the Press (1949) in Great Britain and the less
extensive A Free and Responsible Press (1947) by an unofficial Commission on
the Freedom of the Press in the United States did much to stimulate
self-examination on the part of practicing journalists.
By
the late 20th century, studies showed that journalists as a group were
generally idealistic about their role in bringing the facts to the public in an
impartial manner. Various societies of journalists issued statements of ethics,
of which that of the American Society of Newspaper Editors is perhaps best
known.
Present-Day
Journalism:
Although
the core of journalism has always been the news, the latter word has acquired
so many secondary meanings that the term “hard news” gained currency to
distinguish items of definite news value from others of marginal significance.
This was largely a consequence of the advent of radio and television reporting,
which brought news bulletins to the public with a speed that the press could
not hope to match. To hold their audience, newspapers provided increasing
quantities of interpretive material—articles on the background of the news,
personality sketches, and columns of timely comment by writers skilled in
presenting opinion in readable form. By the mid-1960s most newspapers,
particularly evening and Sunday editions, were relying heavily on magazine
techniques, except for their content of “hard news,” where the traditional rule
of objectivity still applied. Newsmagazines in much of their reporting were
blending news with editorial comment.
Journalism
in book form has a short but vivid history. The proliferation of paperback
books during the decades after World War II gave impetus to the journalistic
book, exemplified by works reporting and analysing election campaigns,
political scandals, and world affairs in general, and the “new journalism” of
such authors as Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, and Norman Mailer.
The
20th century saw a renewal of the strictures and limitations imposed upon the
press by governments. In countries with communist governments, the press was
owned by 7the state, and journalists and editors were government employees.
Under such a system, the prime function of the press to report the news was
combined with the duty to uphold and support the national ideology and the
declared goals of the state. This led to a situation in which the positive
achievements of communist states were stressed by the media, while their
failings were underreported or ignored. This rigorous censorship pervaded
journalism in communist countries.
In
non-communist developing countries, the press enjoyed varying degrees of
freedom, ranging from the discreet and occasional use of self-censorship on
matters embarrassing to the home government to a strict and omnipresent
censorship akin to that of communist countries. The press enjoyed the maximum
amount of freedom in most English-speaking countries and in the countries of
western Europe.
Whereas
traditional journalism originated during a time when information was scarce and
thus highly in demand, 21st-century journalism faced an information-saturated
market in which news had been, to some degree, devalued by its overabundance.
Advances such as satellite and digital technology and the Internet made
information more plentiful and accessible and thereby stiffened journalistic
competition. To meet increasing consumer demand for up-to-the-minute and highly
detailed reporting, media outlets developed alternative channels of
dissemination, such as online distribution, electronic mailings, and direct
interaction with the public via forums, blogs, user-generated content, and
social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter.
In
the second decade of the 21st century, social media platforms in particular
facilitated the spread of politically oriented “fake news,” a kind of
disinformation produced by for-profit Web sites posing as legitimate news
organizations and designed to attract (and mislead) certain readers by
exploiting entrenched partisan biases. During the campaign for the U.S.
presidential election of 2016 and after his election as president in that year,
Donald J. Trump regularly used the term “fake news” to disparage news reports,
including by established and reputable media organizations, that contained
negative information about him.
References
:
Semester:
4
Roll
No: 32
Enrollment
No: 2069108420180052
Email
Id: sagarvaghela2020@gmail.com
Paper
15: Mass Communication and Media Studies
Topic:
Define Journalism in detail
Batch:
2017-19
Submitted
To: S.B.Gardi Department of English MKBU
Introduction
:
Journalism,
the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary
and feature materials through such print and electronic media as newspapers,
magazines, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social media
sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion pictures, and television.
The word journalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events
in printed form, specifically newspapers, but with the advent of radio,
television, and the Internet in the 20th century the use of the term broadened
to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current
affairs.
History:
The
earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet circulated in ancient
Rome: the Acta Diurna, said to date from before 59 BCE. The Acta Diurna
recorded important daily events such as public speeches. It was published daily
and hung in prominent places. In China during the Tang dynasty, a court
circular called a bao, or “report,” was issued to government officials. This
gazette appeared in various forms and under various names more or less
continually to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911. The first regularly
published newspapers appeared in German cities and in Antwerp about 1609. The
first English newspaper, the Weekly Newes, was published in 1622. One of the
first daily newspapers, The Daily Courant, appeared in 1702.
At
first hindered by government-imposed censorship, taxes, and other restrictions,
newspapers in the 18th century came to enjoy the reportorial freedom and
indispensable function that they have retained to the present day. The growing
demand for newspapers owing to the spread of literacy and the introduction of
steam- and then electric-driven presses caused the daily circulation of
newspapers to rise from the thousands to the hundreds of thousands and
eventually to the millions.
Magazines,
which had started in the 17th century as learned journals, began to feature
opinion-forming articles on current affairs, such as those in the Tatler
(1709–11) and the Spectator (1711–12). Appearing in the 1830s were cheap
mass-circulation magazines aimed at a wider and less well-educated public, as
well as illustrated and women’s magazines. The cost of large-scale news
gathering led to the formation of news agencies, organizations that sold their
international journalistic reporting to many different individual newspapers
and magazines. The invention of the telegraph
and then radio and television brought about a great increase in the
speed and timeliness of journalistic activity and, at the same time, provided
massive new outlets and audiences for their electronically distributed
products. In the late 20th century, satellites and later the Internet were used for the long-distance transmission
of journalistic information.
The
Profession:
Journalism
in the 20th century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. There
were four important factors in this trend: (1) the increasing organization of
working journalists, (2) specialized education for journalism, (3) a growing
literature dealing with the history, problems, and techniques of mass
communication, and (4) an increasing sense of social responsibility on the part
of journalists.
An
organization of journalists began as early as 1883, with the foundation of
England’s chartered Institute of Journalists. Like the American Newspaper
Guild, organized in 1933, and the Fédération Nationale de la Presse Française,
the institute functioned as both a trade union
and a professional organization.
Before
the latter part of the 19th century, most journalists learned their craft as
apprentices, beginning as copyboys or cub reporters. The first university
course in journalism was given at the University of Missouri (Columbia) in
1879–84. In 1912 Columbia University in New York City established the first graduate program in
journalism, endowed by a grant from the New York City editor and publisher
Joseph Pulitzer. It was recognized that the growing complexity of news reporting
and newspaper operation required a great deal of specialized training. Editors
also found that in-depth reporting of special types of news, such as political
affairs, business, economics, and science, often demanded reporters with
education in these areas. The advent of motion pictures, radio, and television
as news media called for an ever-increasing battery of new skills and
techniques in gathering and presenting the news. By the 1950s, courses in
journalism or communications were commonly offered in colleges.
The
literature of the subject—which in 1900 was limited to two textbooks, a few
collections of lectures and essays, and a small number of histories and
biographies—became copious and varied by the late 20th century. It ranged from
histories of journalism to texts for reporters and photographers and books of
conviction and debate by journalists on journalistic capabilities, methods, and
ethics.
Concern
for social responsibility in journalism was largely a product of the late 19th
and 20th centuries. The earliest newspapers and journals were generally
violently partisan in politics and considered that the fulfillment of their
social responsibility lay in proselytizing their own party’s position and
denouncing that of the opposition. As the reading public grew, however, the
newspapers grew in size and wealth and became increasingly independent.
Newspapers began to mount their own popular and sensational “crusades” in order
to increase their circulation. The culmination of this trend was the competition
between two New York City papers, the World and the Journal, in the 1890s (see
yellow journalism).
The
sense of social responsibility made notable growth as a result of specialized
education and widespread discussion of press responsibilities in books and
periodicals and at the meetings of the associations. Such reports as that of
the Royal Commission on the Press (1949) in Great Britain and the less
extensive A Free and Responsible Press (1947) by an unofficial Commission on
the Freedom of the Press in the United States did much to stimulate
self-examination on the part of practicing journalists.
By
the late 20th century, studies showed that journalists as a group were
generally idealistic about their role in bringing the facts to the public in an
impartial manner. Various societies of journalists issued statements of ethics,
of which that of the American Society of Newspaper Editors is perhaps best
known.
Present-Day
Journalism:
Although
the core of journalism has always been the news, the latter word has acquired
so many secondary meanings that the term “hard news” gained currency to
distinguish items of definite news value from others of marginal significance.
This was largely a consequence of the advent of radio and television reporting,
which brought news bulletins to the public with a speed that the press could
not hope to match. To hold their audience, newspapers provided increasing
quantities of interpretive material—articles on the background of the news,
personality sketches, and columns of timely comment by writers skilled in
presenting opinion in readable form. By the mid-1960s most newspapers,
particularly evening and Sunday editions, were relying heavily on magazine
techniques, except for their content of “hard news,” where the traditional rule
of objectivity still applied. Newsmagazines in much of their reporting were
blending news with editorial comment.
Journalism
in book form has a short but vivid history. The proliferation of paperback
books during the decades after World War II gave impetus to the journalistic
book, exemplified by works reporting and analysing election campaigns,
political scandals, and world affairs in general, and the “new journalism” of
such authors as Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, and Norman Mailer.
The
20th century saw a renewal of the strictures and limitations imposed upon the
press by governments. In countries with communist governments, the press was
owned by 7the state, and journalists and editors were government employees.
Under such a system, the prime function of the press to report the news was
combined with the duty to uphold and support the national ideology and the
declared goals of the state. This led to a situation in which the positive
achievements of communist states were stressed by the media, while their
failings were underreported or ignored. This rigorous censorship pervaded
journalism in communist countries.
In
non-communist developing countries, the press enjoyed varying degrees of
freedom, ranging from the discreet and occasional use of self-censorship on
matters embarrassing to the home government to a strict and omnipresent
censorship akin to that of communist countries. The press enjoyed the maximum
amount of freedom in most English-speaking countries and in the countries of
western Europe.
Whereas
traditional journalism originated during a time when information was scarce and
thus highly in demand, 21st-century journalism faced an information-saturated
market in which news had been, to some degree, devalued by its overabundance.
Advances such as satellite and digital technology and the Internet made
information more plentiful and accessible and thereby stiffened journalistic
competition. To meet increasing consumer demand for up-to-the-minute and highly
detailed reporting, media outlets developed alternative channels of
dissemination, such as online distribution, electronic mailings, and direct
interaction with the public via forums, blogs, user-generated content, and
social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter.
In
the second decade of the 21st century, social media platforms in particular
facilitated the spread of politically oriented “fake news,” a kind of
disinformation produced by for-profit Web sites posing as legitimate news
organizations and designed to attract (and mislead) certain readers by
exploiting entrenched partisan biases. During the campaign for the U.S.
presidential election of 2016 and after his election as president in that year,
Donald J. Trump regularly used the term “fake news” to disparage news reports,
including by established and reputable media organizations, that contained
negative information about him.
References
:
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